Truth about GMO

As Archimedes could prove inspiration Strike Anywhere. The legend says that the ancient Greek philosophers discovered the mathematical laws buoyancy in the bathroom, while stand watch soap float. And then running, wet and naked through the streets of Syracuse screaming, "Eureka!" ( "I've found it!"). The nature of scientific research may have changed since the third century BC, but the spirit of observational data that the investigation led to Archimedes' principle is still active.

Vaccinating people with edible plants is a new idea that seems to be a great promise. The current research focuses on the mixing of viral or bacterial DNA in a formula, which is then in soil bacteria. If a work by the bacteria, therapeutic DNA is sewn in the plant genetic make-up and the plant grows, the cells start to produce proteins, which the new genes are designed to make. When the plant or fruit eaten, immunization starts, that the body to produce the corresponding antibodies.

The development of vaccines has saved millions of lives around the world. Vaccines have near miracle in the fight against infectious diseases. You have destined for smallpox to history and should soon do the same for polio. In the late 1990s, an international campaign to immunize all children against six world this devastating disease was reported to reach 80 percent of young children (from about 5 percent in the mid-1970s) and was reducing the annual death toll from those infections in around three million. But these victories mask tragic gaps in delivery. The 20 percent of infants still missed by the six vaccines against diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, measles, tetanus and tuberculosis account for about two million unnecessary deaths each year, especially in the most remote and impoverished parts of the world. Upheavals in many developing countries now threaten to torpedo the progress of the recent past, and millions still die of infectious diseases for which vaccines are non-existent, unreliable or too expensive.
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vaccination is considered one of modern medicine to the graten success stories. Early experiments by Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur taught doctors they could prevent disease through free Create a patient to a weakened or inactivated viruses. During its protocols against the current rules clinical trials, Dr. Jenner was able to prevent children always smallpox - even if he intentionally exposed to it - after the first inoculating them with pus from a cowpox. Although significantly different from those developed by Jenner and Pasteur, modern vaccines, nor build on the same basic principle: If the immune system is trained to recognize a pathogen prior to infection, the disease can be prevented if the actual pathogen is encountered.

The Problem with current vaccination protocols is that what works in the developed world is often more difficult to deliver in the Third World, or simply too expensive purchase.

Unfortunately, this often leads to the people who most need a vaccine it.

Disease can not prevent a edible vaccine, it is great news for people around the globe. An oral vaccine in a facility that bypasses the need for sterile syringes, costly cooling, or more injections. In addition, since many of the developing world to deadly diseases - cholera, rotavirus and E. coli infections, to name a few - into the body through the gastrointestinal tract, a vaccine is actually recorded in May are the best Protection because it mimics the natural path of infection.

Edible vaccines hold great potential, especially in Third World countries where transport costs, poor refrigeration and needle use complicated vaccine administration. During the research will also work with laboratory animals, diabetics may eventually benefit from an edible form of insulin. Researchers have developed technologies, the introduction of a hybrid gene that produces human insulin in potatoes.

For diabetics, insulin potatoes can help train the body's defences to stop responding to insulin, as if it were a foreign body. Some scientists see promise graere in plants, are not affected by human diseases and could produce antibodies to cost up to 100 times less than conventional cell fermentation. Several companies are growing plants have been designed to human antibodies against diseases such as malaria. Edible vaccines for other intestinal pathogens are already in the pipeline - for example, potatoes and bananas protect against possibly the Norwalk virus, a common cause of diarrhea, potatoes and tomatoes protect against potentially the hepatitis vaccines activate B.

Edible both systemic and mucosal immunity, as they come in contact with the stomach and intestinal lining content, this is not possible with sub-unit vaccines, the poor response mucous membranes. This dual effect of edible vaccines offers first-line defense against pathogens invasion by mucous: how Mycobacterium tuberculosis and agents causing diarrhoea, pneumonia, STDs, HIV, etc.

Other benefits of edible vaccines include:

A. The transfer of edible vaccines to immunize mothers to the foetus in the womb of trans-placental transfer of maternal antibodies or the child through breast milk. Edible vaccines have a potential role in the protection of children against diseases such as Streptococcus Group B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), etc., which investigation.

B. Edible vaccines would also be suitable against neglected /rare diseases such as dengue fever, hookworm, rabies, etc. You can work with other vaccine approaches and several antigens can also delivered.

Various foods under study are bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce, rice etc. . Edible vaccines are being developed for a number of human and animal diseases, including measles, cholera, foot and mouth disease and hepatitis B, C and E.

C. Their production is very efficient and can be easily scaled. For example, hepatitis B antigen to vaccinate all of China a year, could be on a 40 hectare plot of land and all the babies in the world each year to only 200 hectares of land!

D. They are cheaper to ignore requirements for cleaning standard methods and do not require huge capital investment from the production of medicines facilities.

E. They show good genetic stability.

F.They are heat-stable and do not require cold chain maintenance.

G. Since they can be stored near the body, long-distance transport can also avoided.

H. Since syringes and needles not be used, the chances of infection are also less.

I. The fear of contamination with animal viruses - such as mad cow disease, which is a threat in vaccines made from cultured mammalian cells - is removed, because plant viruses do not infect humans.

If a vaccine can be placed in a plant, the plant can be eaten with a view to Vaccination, and a person would not have to go to a doctor who administered a shot. This could benefit the Third World countries who do not have the infrastructure and resources to access to doctors. The first test of edible vaccines was the expression of a surface protein of hepatitis B in the potatoes were then fed to mice. The mice developed antibodies against hepatitis-surface protein, and developed a mucosal immunity against infection by the virus. It is important to note that the antibodies are affected by the mucous membranes (lining of the nose, mouth, digestive track), the location, the virus is likely that the invasion body.

Considerations in the development of a plant selection

-based vaccine

Antigen the antigen is safe and non-pathogenic in all circumstances?
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- Can the antigen induces a protective immune response?
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- Is the antigen suitable for freedom of expression in plants?

Efficacy in the model systems

-Is the antigen accumulate in plants in sufficient quantities?
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- Is the plant-derived antigen immunogenic?
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- Trial Do animals develop protective immune response?

Choice of plant species for the vaccine delivery

Is it can be eaten raw and unprocessed?
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- Is it suitable for small children?
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- Could it be comprehensive and easy to grow?
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- Can it be easily stored? Is it resistant to spoil?
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- Is the intervention of the transformation and regeneration?

Delivery and dosage issues

-Are the mucous membranes auxiliary materials required for a protective response?
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- Can a dose large enough to be delivered by simply eating the plant?
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- How many doses are needed?

Safety issues

-If the vaccination produce oral tolerance?
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- What are the health and environmental risks of genetically modified organisms

Public perceptions and attitudes to genetic modification

becoming negative attitude towards genetically modified organisms influence vaccine acceptance?

Quality control and licensing

Can antigen expression on a consistent crop production?
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- Who will control the vaccine availability and

The future of edible vaccines:

The future of edible vaccines could avert resistance to genetically modified foods, which refused to Zambia if GM maize on food aid from the United States despite the threat of famine. Prior to the approval of such vaccines for human use, the WHO, the concerns of quality, efficiency and environmental compatibility are required. Random insertion of genes can destabilize the genomes of its plant and animal hosts and the effects could ricochet through the surrounding ecosystem. By facilitating horizontal gene transfer /recombination, genetic engineering can contribute to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious, drug-diseases, increase of autoimmune diseases, cancer and reactivate dormant viruses. Bacteria can be transgenic DNA in food in the human intestine. Antibiotic resistance marker genes may vary from transgenic food to pathogenic bacteria, the infection is very difficult to treat. Smaller genetic changes in the pathogen can lead to dramatic changes in the host range and disease-causing potential and unwittingly plants can be inadvertent reservoirs. There is also a risk of creating a whole new strains of pathogens such as viruses super. Through DNA shuffling, geneticists can in a few minutes in the laboratory millions of recombinant viruses that have never existed in billions of years of evolution. This can be abused for the intentional creation of bio-weapons.

The ecological and environmental risks of edible vaccines must be considered. It is still a very raw and Science has a long way to go before they will be ready for large-scale tests in human beings for the fight against infectious diseases and auto-immunity. Addressing concerns about the use of genetically modified food, it can not be overstressed, stricter controls on the growth and processing of plant vaccines to ensure that they never enter the food supply. These include greenhouse separation of drugs from food crops to prevent crossing, and separate storage and processing facilities.

Dr. Lone Rubina
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Consultant Clinical Microbiology and Research
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skims Medical College in Srinagar
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India
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feedback to: dr.rubina.lone @ gmail.com

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